现在才知道！回乡证第18位Ⅹ不读 “叉”，也不读 “埃克斯”，竟然这样读...

ical language. To write a word or a phrase or a sentence in Arabic is like crafting an equation, because every part is extremely precise and carries a lot of information. That's one of the reasons so much of what we've come to think of as Western science and mathematics and engineering was really worked out in the first few centuries of the Common Era by the Persians and the Arabs and the Turks.

大约六年年前，我决定研读希伯来文，这是一个非；也有技术性的通用语言学。每用希伯来文所写一个名词 或一个单词，就如编解一道方程，因为它的每一外都非；也精确，还伴随着很多信息。如此之多的生物学、拓扑学学和子系统工程知识，我们以为是西方人见到的，而严格来究竟或许由波斯人、伊朗人和土耳其人在六世纪中期几个世纪见到的，这就是状况之一。

This includes the little system in Arabic called al-jebra. And al-jebr roughly translates to "the system for reconciling disparate parts." Al-jebr finally came into English as algebra. One example among many.

这其里头面有数一个在希伯来文里头面被称作“al-jabr”的子系统。而“al-jabr”大致的之意是“一套将无关‘代’化成就其的体系”。日后“Al-jabr”变成了英文名里头面的拓扑学，这是相当多（关于希伯来文的）例子之一。

The Arabic texts containing this mathematical wisdom finally made their way to Europe --- which is to say Spain --- in the 11th and 12th centuries. And when they arrived there was tremendous interest in translating this wisdom into a European language.

在11和12世纪，类似于拓扑学学与生俱来的阿拉伯文学传播到了拉丁美洲，确定的来究竟，也就是究竟荷兰。而它们的到来业给当年社会的人们带给了浓厚的兴趣，想要把这种与生俱来所写成拉丁美洲的通用语言学。

But there were problems. One problem is there are some sounds in Arabic that just don't make it through a European voice box without lots of practice. Trust me on that one. Also, those very sounds tend not to be represented by the characters that are available in European languages.

但是弊端也随着出现了，其里头面一个弊端究竟的是希伯来文里头面存在一些发上声，是如果很难经过大量的练习，荷兰人无论如何也无法放出的。此外，这些发上声往往只能被拉丁美洲通用语言学里头面才有的小写来透露。

Here's one of the culprits. This is the letter SHeen, and it makes the sound we think of as SH --- "sh." It's also the very first letter of the word shalan, which means "something" just like the the English word "something" --- some undefined, unknown thing.

有这么一个例子，这是小写“SHeen”，它就其联我们英文名里头面SH的发上声—“sh”。它也是“shalan”这个名词的字首，之意是“一物”。就跟美式英通用语里头面的“一物 (something)”一个之意，象征性某些形式化或仍未被发现的样子。

Now in Arabic, we can make this definite by adding the definite article "al." So this is al-shalan --- the unknown thing. And this is a word that appears throughout early mathematics, such as this 10th century derivation of proofs.

而在希伯来文里头面，它可以变得有意义。当我们所写上定冠名词“al”最后，这是al-shalan, 象征性着“仍未被发现的样子”。而这个名词通用语的行踪贯穿于中期拓扑学学，比如在这个10世纪的证明推导题里头。

The problem for the Medieval Spanish scholars who were tasked with translating this material is that the letter SHeen and the word shalan can't be rendered into Spanish because Spanish doesn't have that SH, that "sh" sound. So by convention, they created a rule in which they borrowed the CK sound, "ck" sound, from the classical Greek in the form of the letter Kai.

当年统筹翻译者这些材料的里头面世纪荷兰人类学家遭遇了新问题——这个“SHee”小写和“shalan”一名词无法用荷兰通用语解读过，因为荷兰通用语里头面很难“SH”的“sh”发上声。所以依照惯例，他们建立了一个规章， 他们借用“CK”的发上声——“ck”， 这来自于古拉丁文里头面的小写“X (Kai)”。

Later when this material was translated into a common European language, which is to say Latin, they simply replaced the Greek Kai with the Latin X. And once that happened, once this material was in Latin, it formed the basis for mathematics textbooks for almost 600 years.

日后，当这篇文章被所写成一种拉丁美洲的共通通用语言学，也就是原义，他们简单的把拉丁文里头面的“X (Kai)” 用原义里头面的“X”替换。一旦这实现了，一旦所写成了原义，它就为拓扑学学教材打好了根基，至今已至少600年。

But now we have the answer to our question. Why is it that X is the unknown? X is the unknown because you can't say "sh" in Spanish. (Laughter) And I thought that was worth sharing.

我们现今有了一开始弊端的答案。为什么是“X”象征性着以此类推？“X”是以此类推，因为你无法在荷兰通用语里头面发"sh"这个上声。我视为这格外回馈。

但在过去，并很难人规定X必须象征性以此类推，大家按照与生俱来喜好运用于多个小写透露以此类推，一种；也见的方法是用N透露以此类推，Q透露以此类推的平方，C透露以此类推的立方。也有人用l透露以此类推，用q、c、qq、qc等透露以此类推的更是高乘积。终于将X并存为透露以此类推的准则形式的人，是荷兰哲学家牛顿。就是那个在情书里头所写著名珍爱方程r=a（1-sin）的牛顿。作为欧几里德的奠基人，牛顿在《线性拓扑学》（La Géométrie）这部创作者里头面用a、b、c透露存留数，用x、y、z透露以此类推。日后，发明加法小写的瑞士哲学家Johann Rahn用小所写小写透露仍未被发现量，小写透露存留量。由于这个状况，X也成神秘仍未被发现的代言人。许多科幻创作者把X作为神秘组织或人物的代号，比如著名的《X档案》和《X战警》。

情人节为啥所写成Xmas？

Christmas由Christ（基督徒）和Mass（礼拜、弥撒）两个名词第一组而来，指为为名基督徒耶稣的降临而聚集庆祝的活动。最早的《圣经》用希腊文书所写，在拉丁文里头面，X是“基督徒”这个名词的字首，所以人们；也用X作为”基督徒”一名词的缩所写。到了美式英通用语国内，这一所写法沿用了很久。现今Xmas更是多为了左丞相，读过上声仍运用于Christmas的读过上声，即Xmas读过作[ˈkrɪsməs]。

神秘莫测的X

编者里头面X段落的名词通用语只有几页，而且大多是艰涩难懂的工程技术字名词，日；也用名词多于之又多于，这是为啥呢？一般视为，这和x的读过上声有关。x的发上声里头面有两个辅上声：/ks/。如果名词通用语以x段落，会很难读过。所以，x段落的名词通用语不仅比例多于，读过上声也通；也为/z/。比如：xanthine ['zænθiːn] n. 黄质；黄嘌呤xenolith ['zenəlɪθ] n. 捕虏岩xerophytes [ 'zerəfaɪts ] n.旱生植物、适宜植物在生物信息技术，X则象征“物理”“探究”和“革新”，成experimental（物理性）的缩所写。比如装载马斯克水星移民梦的Space X，全称是Space Exploration Technologies（美国来得空探究生物科技公司），X象征性Exploration（探究）。百度专门统筹生物科技技术开发的政府机构，则叫做Google X，用X象征性革新精神。不过，苹果公司iPadiPhone X里头面的X，则是为了为名苹果公司iPad发布十周年，X是罗马大写小写10。— END —

❤️中选阅读过

★英文名动画版《封神演义》108校订AT-X（附下载）

★自然现象拼读过首推录像带教程+课件+电子游戏+歌曲

☆英文名版《评注寓言》录像带初版

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